Ein tropischer Zyklon, der im westlichen Pazifik oder in den indischen Ozeanen vorkommt. Veränderung (beeinflusst von chinesischen Begriffen für Taifune, vielleicht kantonesischen toi 2 fung 1. Taifun und verwandten Begriffe) von früheren englischen Tuffon, Tufan. Flut Von Hindi und Urdu tx16bfx101n. Sturm von Wind und Regen, Überschwemmung. Aus Arabisch x1e6dx16bfx101n. Flut Aus griechischen tuphx14dn. Typhon, Wirbelwind. 1. (Physische Geographie) ein gewalttätiger tropischer Sturm oder Zyklon, esp in den China-Meeren und W Pacific 2. (Physische Geographie) ein heftiger Sturm von Indien C16: vom chinesischen tai fungierte großen Wind, von tai großartiger Wind, der von griechischen tuphn beeinflusst wurde Whirlwind ty8226phoon 1. ein tropischer Wirbelsturm oder Hurrikan des W Pacific Bereichs und der China Meere. 2. ein heftiger Sturm oder Sturm von Indien. 169082111700 lt Zifferblatt. Chinesisch (Guangdong) daaih-fng (verwandt mit chinesischen df275ng großen Wind), verändert durch Assoziation mit griechischen T563phn gewalttätigen Wind Ein Hurrikan, der im westlichen Pazifischen Ozean auftritt. Siehe Hinweis bei Zyklon. Ein Zyklon oder Hurrikan im westlichen Pazifischen Ozean. Ein intensiver Zyklon im China-Meer, wo die spiralförmige Windgeschwindigkeit über 100 Meilen (160km) pro Stunde erreicht. Thesaurus Antonyme Verwandte Wörter Synonyme Legende: ein heftiger Seesturm, der im Osten auftritt. Sie wurden in einem Taifun auf den China-Meeren gefangen. Tifoon tufo furao tajfun der Taifun tyfon tifn taifuun taifuuni typhon tajfun, orkan tjfun topan fellibylur tifone taifnas taifns taufan tyfoon virvelstorm. Tyfon tajfun tufffun tajfun tajfun tajfun taj Iddetli kasrga bo, um auf diese Seite zu verweisen: Referenzen in der klassischen Literatur Ich sehe die kränkelnde Wand der Waffen jetzt sehe ich, dass fortschreitende Gastgeber, wie ich es sah, dann sehe ich den Hass in diesen grausamen Augen Ich erinnere mich, wie ich meinen Kopf auf meine Brust fallen ließ , Fühle ich wieder den plötzlichen Erdbebenschock in meinem Rücken, der von dem sehr Widder verwaltet wurde, den ich mir selbst geopfert habe, um zu hören, ich höre noch einmal den Taifun des Lachens, der aus der Angriffssäule zerplatzte, als ich ihn von van nach hinten wie ein Sepoyer schoss Eine Rodman-Pistole. Froh, es ist ein Taifun aus dem Süden, denn es wird uns vorwärts tragen. Sie trabte hinaus, um einen Taifun aus dem Kochhaus zu heben, und fast auf ihrem Schatten, der in der Babu gerollt war, wie ein römischer Kaiser wie die römischen Kaiserin, wie Titus, mit bloßem, mit neuen Lackschuhen, Bedingung von Fett, Freude und Freude Dennoch war er ein Mann, der mit unerschrockenem Hurrikan und Taifun konfrontiert war. Und hätte nicht gezögert, ein Dutzend unbewaffneter Nigger mit nichts als einem Revolver zu kämpfen, um ihm zu helfen. Sie waren friedliche Fischer, erklärten sie, deren Prahus in den letzten Taifun zerstört worden war. Es gab Gerüchte, dass sie in die Südsee gingen - waren auf einem Handelsschoner in einem Taifun verloren. oder etwas ähnliches. Der fröhliche Nebel war mein Schoner Namen, und ich hatte gedacht, dass sie stout gebaut wurde, bis sie diesen Taifun traf. Ein Wilder, der irgendwo jenseits der Grenzen des Horizonts wanderte, hätte vielleicht geglaubt, daß sich ein neuer Krater im Busen von Florida gebildet habe, obwohl es weder einen Ausbruch noch Taifun gab. Noch Sturm, noch Kampf der Elemente, noch irgendwelche jener schrecklichen Phänomene, die die Natur produzieren kann. Gales, die wir uns immer wieder begegneten, denn es war eine rohe und stürmische Region, und Mitte Juni ein Taifun, der für mich am meisten einprägsam war, und am wichtigsten wegen der Veränderungen, die durch meine Zukunft verursacht wurden. Ich kann es wagen, das gleiche von jedem Aspekt der Geschichte zu behaupten, während ich gestehe, dass der besondere Taifun der Geschichte kein Taifun meiner wirklichen Erfahrung war. Lange gewürzt und verwittert in den Taifunen und Beruhigungen aller vier Ozeane, wurde ihr alter Rumpftaun wie ein französischer Grenadier verdunkelt, der gleich in Ägypten und Sibirien gekämpft hat. Lassen Sie die Besitzer auf Nantucket Strand stehen und outyell die Typhoons. Tamarack Aerospace erhält Supplemental Type Certificate für Active Winglet System Tamarack Aerospace Group hat US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) für seine Active Winglet-System für die Cessna CJ Geschäft erhalten Jet. Zuvor erhielt das Unternehmen am 23. Dezember 2015 die Validierung der europäischen Aviation Safety Administration (EASA) STC. Tamarack installiert nun seine Active Winglets auf den Cessna CJ, CJ1, CJ1 Amp M2 Jets in den USA und Europa. LdquoDie Bedeutung der FAA-Zulassung kann nicht unterschätzt werden. quot Kunden erhalten 25 Kraftstoffeinsparungen für den CJ amp CJ1 und 13 für die CJ1 amp M2 Jets. Tamarack Aerospace Group CEO Nick Guida sagte: ldquoDie Bedeutung der FAA-Zulassung kann nicht unterschätzt werden. LdquoWir haben eine lange Liste von Aufträgen und unsere Kunden arbeiten aktiv mit unserem Partner, Cessna, auf Terminierungsinstallationen. Mit dem STC hinter uns erwarten wir eine beträchtliche Anzahl von Neuaufträgen von Kunden, die auf Zertifizierung gewartet haben. Das Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet System besteht aus einer Flügelspitzenerweiterung, einer abgestimmten Winglet - und Load-Lineing-Technologie. Die Technik arbeitet durch Gegenwirkung und Linderung von Gust Lasten und Manövrieren Lasten ohne Flügel strukturelle Verstärkung. Mit der Kombination von Winglet - und Flügelspitzenverlängerung erhöht sich das Seitenverhältnis von wingrsquos, was zu Leistungsverbesserungen und Kraftstoffeinsparungen führt. Ermüdungslebensverlängerung und Bruttogewichtszunahmen sind auch mit der Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet Technologie möglich, die skalierbar ist und auf jedem Flugzeugtyp installiert werden kann. Bild: Das aktive Winglet-System von Tamarackrsquos umfasst eine Flügelspitzenerweiterung, eine abgestimmte Winglet - und Last-Linderungstechnologie. Foto: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Tamarack Aerospace Group. Haben Sie sich jemals gefragt, was ein Baghouse ist oder was NMOG steht für das kalte Bügeln ist nicht ein neuer Weg, um Falten aus einem T-Shirt oder dass ein SIP ist nicht ein Getränk Geschmack-Test Youre nicht allein. ARB hat sein Glossar der Luftverschmutzung Begriffe und Listen der Akronyme zu helfen. Denken Sie daran, dass wir nicht versuchen, eine erschöpfende Liste zu erstellen, noch geben wir rechtliche Terminologie. Dieses Glossar ist einfach eine Ressource für die breite Öffentlichkeit. Ein kalifornisches Staatsgesetz (Gesundheits - und Sicherheits-Code-Abschnitt 39650 ff.), Das im Januar 1984 in Kraft trat und den Rahmen für Californias toxisches Luftverunreinigungsidentifizierungs - und Kontrollprogramm festlegte. Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unserer Zusammenfassung. Assembly Bill 998 hat das Non-Toxic Dry Cleaning Incentive Programm eingerichtet, um die Trockenreinigungsindustrie mit 10.000 Zuschussmitteln zu versorgen, um von Systemen mit Perchlorethylen (Perc), einer identifizierten toxischen Luftverunreinigung und potentiellem menschlichem Karzinogen auf ungiftige und nicht-Smog zu wechseln Bildende Alternativen. Die Gesetzgebung verlangt auch, dass ARB ein Demonstrationsprogramm zur Präsentation dieser nicht-toxischen und nicht-smog-formentechnologien einführt. Ein kalifornisches Programm (Gesundheits - und Sicherheits-Code Abschnitt 44300 ff.), Das bestimmte stationäre Quellen benötigt, um die Art und Menge der spezifischen toxischen Stoffe zu berichten, die sie routinemäßig in die Luft freisetzen. Das Programm identifiziert hochprioritäre Einrichtungen und erfordert Einrichtungen, die erhebliche Risiken für die Mitteilung aller exponierten Personen darstellen. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer AB 2588 Website. Ein Programm, das Luftbezirke und Kommunalverwaltungen erlaubt, Kfz-Zulassungsgebühren für Projekte zu verteilen, die Kraftfahrzeug-Emissionen wie z. B. emissionsfreie Fahrzeuge reduzieren. Fahrradwege und Reiseverkleinerungsprogramme. Die Legislatur verabschiedet und Gouverneur Schwarzenegger unterzeichnete AB 32, die die 2020 Treibhausgasemissionen Reduktion Ziel in Gesetz gesetzt. Es leitete ARB dazu, diskrete frühe Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen zu entwickeln und gleichzeitig einen Planungsplan vorzubereiten, um zu ermitteln, wie man am besten die Begrenzung der Treibhausgasemissionen von 2020 erreichen kann. Die Verringerung oder Beseitigung der Verschmutzung. Akzeptable tägliche Einnahme (ADI) Die höchste tägliche Menge eines Stoffes, der über ein Leben ohne nachteilige Auswirkungen verbraucht werden kann. Ein umfassender Begriff für die verschiedenen Arten sauren Verbindungen aus der Atmosphäre ausfallen und auf Oberflächen ablagern. Es kann einschließen: 1) Nassablagerung durch sauren Regen, Nebel und Schnee und 2) Trockenabscheidung von sauren Partikeln (Aerosolen). Regen, der besonders sauer ist (pH-Wert ist kleiner als 5,2). Hauptkomponenten des sauren Regens umfassen typischerweise Salpetersäure und Schwefelsäure. Diese können durch die Kombination von Stickstoff und Schwefeloxiden mit Wasserdampf in der Atmosphäre gebildet werden. Die ARB verwendet viele Akronyme und wir hoffen, dass diese Liste der Akronyme-Listen für die Nutzer dieser Website hilfreich sein wird. Akute Exposition Eine oder eine Reihe von kurzfristigen Expositionen, die in der Regel weniger als 24 Stunden dauern. Ein gesundheitlicher Effekt, der über einen relativ kurzen Zeitraum (z. B. Minuten oder Stunden) auftritt. Der Begriff wird verwendet, um kurze Expositionen und Effekte zu beschreiben, die sofort nach der Exposition auftreten. Add-On-Steuergerät Ein Luftreinigungs-Kontrollgerät wie ein Kohlenstoff-Absorber oder eine Verbrennungsanlage, die die Verschmutzung im Abgas reduziert. Die Steuereinrichtung beeinträchtigt in der Regel nicht den zu kontrollierenden Prozess und ist somit eine Add-on-Technologie, im Gegensatz zu einem Schema zur Kontrolle der Verschmutzung durch Veränderung des Grundprozesses selbst. Siehe auch Vermeidung von Umweltverschmutzung. Eine Emissionssteuervorrichtung, die VOCs aus einem Gasstrom entfernt, als Ergebnis der Gasbindung (adsorbierend) auf eine feste Matrix, wie Aktivkohle. Fortschrittliche Technologie Teilweise Zero Emission Vehicle (AT PZEV) Ein Fahrzeug, das den Standard Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) Standard erfüllt und null Emissionsfahrzeug-Enabling-Technologien umfasst. Eine gesundheitliche Wirkung von der Exposition gegenüber Luftverunreinigungen, die von relativ leichten vorübergehenden Bedingungen wie Augen - oder Rachenreizungen, Kurzatmigkeit oder Kopfschmerzen bis hin zu dauerhaften und ernsten Zuständen wie Geburtsfehlern, Krebs oder Schäden an Lungen, Nerven, Leber, Herz oder andere Organe. Partikel aus fester oder flüssiger Materie, die je nach Partikelgröße und Gewicht in wenigen Minuten bis zu vielen Monaten suspendiert bleiben können. AFIP (Alternatives Treibstoff-Incentive-Programm) Gemäß der Versammlung Bill 1811 entwickelte ARB mit der California Energy Commission einen gemeinsamen Plan, um 25 Millionen für die Zwecke der Anreize von Biokraftstoffen und der hocheffizienten, niedrig emittierenden Fahrzeugtechnologie auszugeben. Die Mittel waren für die Entwicklung spezifischer Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Luftverschmutzung und Treibhausgasemissionen aus Kraftstoffen und mobilen Quellen. AB 1811 verlangte, dass die Mittel bis zum 30. Juni 2007 belastet wurden und bis zum 30. Juni 2009 aufgewendet wurden. Aufforstung Die Anpflanzung neuer Wälder auf Grundstücken, in denen die vorhergehende Vegetation oder das Land keine Wälder enthielt. Nachbrenner Ein Luftverschmutzungsgerät, das unerwünschte organische Gase durch Verbrennung entfernt. Landwirtschaftliches Brennen Die beabsichtigte Verwendung von Feuer für die Vegetation Management in Bereichen wie landwirtschaftliche Felder, Obstgärten, Dörfer und Wälder. Die Verordnung ist in den Agricultural Burning Guidelines, Titel 17, California Code of Regulations beschrieben. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer Website für Rauchmanagement. So genannte reine Luft ist eine Mischung von Gasen mit etwa 78 Prozent Stickstoff 21 Prozent Sauerstoff weniger als 1 Prozent Kohlendioxid. Argon und andere Gase und unterschiedliche Mengen Wasserdampf. Siehe auch Umgebungsluft. Eine Landfläche mit allgemein ähnlichen meteorologischen und geographischen Bedingungen überall. Soweit möglich, sind Luftzwischengrenzen entlang politischer Grenzlinien definiert und beinhalten sowohl die Quellen - als auch die Rezeptorbereiche. Kalifornien ist derzeit in 15 Luftbecken unterteilt. Toxic Control Measure (ATCM) Eine Kontrollmaßnahme, die von der ARB (Health and Safety Code Abschnitt 39666 ff.) Angenommen wurde, die Emissionen von toxischen Luftverunreinigungen reduziert. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer ATCM Webseite. Ein politisches Gremium, das für die Verwaltung der Luftqualität auf regionaler oder griechischer Basis zuständig ist. Kalifornien ist derzeit in 35 Luftbezirke unterteilt. (Siehe auch Luftverschmutzungs-Kontrollbezirk und Luftqualitätsmanagement-Bezirk). Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unserem lokalen Luftbezirksverzeichnis. Luftüberwachung Probenahme und Messung von Schadstoffen in der Atmosphäre. Mengen an Fremdstoffen und natürlichen Stoffen, die in der Atmosphäre vorkommen, die zu nachteiligen Auswirkungen auf Menschen, Tiere, Vegetation und Material führen können. (Siehe auch Luftverschmutzung.) Abbau der Luftqualität durch unerwünschte Chemikalien oder andere in der Luft auftretende Stoffe. (Siehe auch Luftschadstoffe). Eine Kreisfirma mit Befugnis zur Regulierung stationärer, indirekter und flächenhafter Luftverschmutzungsquellen (z. B. Kraftwerke, Autobahnbau und Wohnsiedlung) innerhalb eines bestimmten Kreises und unter der Leitung eines Bezirksluftverschmutzungssteuerungsausschusses Gewählten Kreisaufsichtsbeamten. (Siehe auch Luftqualitätsmanagementbezirk oder Luftverschmutzungsbeherrschungsbezirk). Luftqualitätsindex (AQI) Ein numerischer Index, der für die Meldung der Schwere der Luftverschmutzung für die Öffentlichkeit verwendet wird. Es ersetzt den bisher verwendeten Pollutant Standards Index (PSI). Wie das PSI umfasst das AQI fünf Kriterien Schadstoffe - Ozon, Partikel, Kohlenmonoxid, Schwefeldioxid und Stickstoffdioxid - in einen einzigen Index. Der neue Index beinhaltet auch den 8-stündigen Ozonstandard und den 24-Stunden-PM2.5-Standard in die Indexberechnung. AQI-Werte reichen von 0 (Gute Luftqualität) bis 500 (Gefahrgutqualität). Je höher der Index, desto höher der Schadstoffgehalt und desto größer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit von gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen. Die AQI enthält eine zusätzliche Indexkategorie - ungesund für sensible Gruppen - die von 101 bis 150 reicht. Darüber hinaus kommt die AQI mit detaillierteren Vorsichtsmaßnahmen. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer Luftqualitätsindex-Seite. Eine Gruppe von Kreisen oder Abteilungen von Kreisen oder eine im Lande zuständige Landesregierung, die die Befugnis zur Regulierung stationärer, indirekter und flächenhafter Luftverschmutzung innerhalb der Region hat und von einer regionalen Luftreinhaltung kontrolliert wird, besteht größtenteils aus gewählten Beamten aus der Region . (Siehe auch Luftverschmutzungsbezirk). Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unserem örtlichen Luftbezirksverzeichnis. Ein Plan, der von einem APCDAQMD erstellt wurde, für eine Grafschaft oder eine Region, die als Nicht-Erreichungsgebiet bezeichnet wird. Um den Bereich in Einklang mit den Anforderungen der nationalen und kalifornischen Umgebungsluftqualitätsnormen zu bringen. AQMPs werden in den staatlichen Umsetzungsplan (SIP) aufgenommen. Eine Person, die von der lokalen, staatlichen oder Bundesregierung zur Verwaltung der Luftqualität eingesetzt wird. Eine mathematische Beziehung zwischen Emissionen und Luftqualität, die auf einem Computer den Transport, die Dispersion und die Umwandlung von in die Luft emittierten Verbindungen simuliert. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer Software-Webseite. Air Quality Standard (AQS) Die vorgeschriebene Menge eines Schadstoffs in der Außenluft, der während eines bestimmten Zeitraums nicht überschritten werden sollte, um die öffentliche Gesundheit zu schützen. Gegründet von Bundes - und Landesregierungen. (Siehe auch Umgebungsluftqualitätsnormen.) Weitere Informationen entnehmen Sie bitte unseren Luftqualitätsnormen. Air Quality Working Groups (AQWG) Beratungsgremien, die Foren für Kommunikation, Kooperation und Koordination bei der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Luftqualitätskontrollmaßnahmen bieten. Sie können sich aus Vertretern der ARB, der Bürgergruppen, der Umweltgruppen, der Industrie, der lokalen Luftbezirke und der U. S. EPA zusammensetzen. Eine Untergruppe des Luftbeckens. Der Begriff bezeichnet ein geographisches Gebiet, das durch Topographie, Meteorologie und Klima die gleiche Luft teilt. Luft-Toxika Ein Oberbegriff, der sich auf eine schädliche Chemikalie oder Gruppe von Chemikalien in der Luft bezieht. Stoffe, die besonders gesundheitsschädlich sind, wie z. B. die unter U. S. EPAs gefährlichen Luftschadstoffprogramme oder Californias AB 1807 und AB 2588 Luftgiftprogramme, gelten als Luftgiftstoffe. Technisch ist jede Verbindung, die in der Luft ist und das Potenzial hat, nachteilige gesundheitliche Auswirkungen zu erzeugen, eine lufttoxische. Für weitere Informationen besuchen Sie unsere Toxics Website. Vergütungen Eine Genehmigung, während eines bestimmten Jahres bis zu einer Tonne Kohlendioxid-Äquivalent zu emittieren. Brennstoffe wie Methanol, Ethanol, Erdgas und flüssiges Erdgas, die sauberer brennen und dazu beitragen, ARBs mobile und stationäre Emissionsstandards zu erfüllen. Diese Kraftstoffe können anstelle von weniger sauberen Kraftstoffen für die Kraftfahrzeuge eingesetzt werden. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer Website zur alternativen Kraftstoffe. Die Luft tritt zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt auf und platziert sich außerhalb von Strukturen. Oft verwendet austauschbar mit Außenluft. (Siehe auch Luft.) Gesundheits - und Wohlfahrtsstandards für Außenluft, die die maximal zulässigen Durchschnittskonzentrationen an Luftschadstoffen während eines bestimmten Zeitraums identifizieren. (Siehe auch CAAQS und NAAQS und Criteria Air Pollutant.) Für weitere Informationen, besuchen Sie unsere Website für die Luftqualität Qualitätsstandards. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Eine Non-Profit-Organisation, die ein Forum für Produzenten, Verbraucher und Vertreter von Regierung und Industrie bietet, um Laborstandards für Materialien, Produkte, Systeme und Dienstleistungen zu schreiben. ASTM veröffentlicht Standard-Testmethoden, Spezifikationen, Praktiken, Führungen, Klassifikationen und Terminologie. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer ASTM Website. Ammoniak (NH3) Eine scharfe farblose gasförmige Verbindung aus Stickstoff und Wasserstoff, die in Wasser sehr gut löslich ist und leicht durch Kälte und Druck in eine Flüssigkeit kondensiert werden kann. Ammoniak reagiert mit NOx unter Bildung von Ammoniumnitrat - einer großen PM2.5-Komponente in den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten. Anaerobe Verdauung Ein biochemischer Prozess, bei dem Bakterien biologisch abbaubares organisches Material wie Dünger in einer sauerstofffreien Umgebung abbauen. Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit, Nährstoffgehalt und pH-Wert können durch die Verwendung einer luftdichten Kammer (Kocher) gesteuert werden. Der Abbau des organischen Materials führt zu Biogas, einer Mischung aus Methan (CH 4), Kohlendioxid (CO 2) und Spuren von anderen Gasen. Die Quellen, für die eine Methodik zur Abschätzung der Emissionen verwendet wird. Dazu gehören flächendeckende, mobile und natürliche Quellen sowie Gruppen von stationären Quellen (wie zB Reinigungs - und Tankstellen). Das California Clean Air Act erfordert Luftbezirke, um Bereichsquellen in die Entwicklung und Umsetzung des AQMP einzubeziehen. In der kalifornischen Emissionsinventur sind alle Quellen, die nicht als einzelne Punktquellen gemeldet werden, als Bereichsquellen enthalten. Das Bundes-Luft-Toxik-Programm definiert eine Quelle, die weniger als 10 Tonnen pro Jahr eines einzigen gefährlichen Luftschadstoffs (HAP) oder 25 Tonnen pro Jahr aller HAPs als Flächenquelle aussendet. Für weitere Informationen, besuchen Sie unsere Website-weite Quelle Methoden Website. Verschmutzungsquellen, bei denen die Emissionen über ein weites Gebiet verteilt sind, wie Konsumgüter, Kamine, Straßenstaub und landwirtschaftliche Betriebe. Flächenweite Quellen beinhalten keine mobilen Quellen oder stationären Quellen. Eine Art Kohlenwasserstoff. Wie Benzol oder Toluol. Einige Aromaten sind giftig. Eine Mineralfaser, die Luft oder Wasser verunreinigen und Krebs oder Asbestose verursachen kann, wenn sie eingeatmet wird. Die U. S. EPA hat ihre Verwendung in der Herstellung und im Bau verboten oder stark eingeschränkt und die ARB hat die Menge an Asbest in Serpentin-Felsen, die für Oberflächenanwendungen verwendet wird, begrenzt. Für weitere Informationen besuchen Sie unsere Website. Eine chronische entzündliche Erkrankung der Lunge, die durch Keuchen, Atemnot, Engegefühl in der Brust und Husten gekennzeichnet ist. Die gasförmige Masse oder Umschlag der Luft, die die Erde umgibt. Von der Bodenhöhe her ist die Atmosphäre weiter in die Troposphäre unterteilt. Stratosphäre, Mesosphäre und die Thermosphäre. Ein geografisches Gebiet, das identifiziert wurde, um die Luftqualität so gut wie oder besser als die nationalen und kalifornischen Umgebungsluftqualitätsnormen (NAAQS CAAQS) zu haben. Ein Bereich kann ein Erreichungsgebiet für einen Schadstoff und ein Nicht-Anhäufungsgebiet für andere sein. Für weitere Informationen, besuchen Sie unsere Website Bezeichnungen Website. Berechtigung zum Bau (AC) Eine Vorbaugenehmigung eines Luftbezirks. Eine Luftreinhaltungssteuerungsvorrichtung, die Partikel durch das Eindringen von Gasströmen durch große durchlässige Beutel, die gewöhnlich aus Glasfasern hergestellt sind, einfängt. Für weitere Informationen besuchen Sie unsere Baghouse-Schulungs-Website. Eine Bestimmung in der Luftbezirksregelung, die es ermöglicht, Kredite zur Verringerung der Emissionen über die gesetzlichen Grenzwerte hinaus zu akkumulieren und diese Kredite zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt zu nutzen oder zu verkaufen. Für weitere Informationen, besuchen Sie unsere New Source Review Website. Batterie Elektrofahrzeug (BEV) Ein Fahrzeug, das auf Elektrizität läuft, das in Batterien gespeichert ist und einen Elektromotor anstelle eines Verbrennungsmotors hat. Diese Fahrzeuge entsprechen auch den Anforderungen der Zero Emission Vehicle Regulation. Best Available Control Measure (BACM) Ein Begriff, der verwendet wird, um die besten Maßnahmen (nach US-EPA-Anleitung) zur Bekämpfung von kleinen oder dispergierten Quellen von Partikeln und anderen Emissionen aus Quellen wie Fahrbahnstaub, Holzdielen und offenem Brennen zu beschreiben. Die aktuellsten Methoden, Systeme, Techniken und Produktionsprozesse stehen zur Verfügung, um die größtmöglichen Emissionsminderungen für vorgegebene Luftschadstoffe und Prozesse zu erreichen. BACT ist eine Voraussetzung für NSR (New Source Review) und PSD (Verhinderung einer signifikanten Verschlechterung). Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer BACT Website. Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (BARCT) Eine Luft-Emissionsbegrenzung, die für bestehende Quellen gilt und auf dem höchsten Grad an Reduktion beruht, unter Berücksichtigung von Umwelt-, Energie - und ökonomischen Auswirkungen jeder Klasse oder Kategorie der Quelle. (Siehe auch Best Available Control Technology.) Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer BARCT Website. Biogene Quelle Biologische Quellen wie Pflanzen und Tiere, die Luftschadstoffe wie flüchtige organische Verbindungen emittieren. Beispiele für biogene Quellen sind Tierverwaltungsoperationen und Eichen - und Kiefernwälder. (Siehe auch natürliche Quellen.) Für weitere Informationen, besuchen Sie unsere Ecosystems Impact Website. Bulk Plant Eine Zwischen-Benzin-Verteilung, wo die Lieferung von Benzin zu und von der Anlage ist nur durch LKW. Eine Agentur der California Department of Consumer Affairs, die die Umsetzung der Kfz-Inspektion und Wartung Programm verwaltet. Für weitere Informationen besuchen Sie unsere Smog Check Website. Ein Tag, der nicht offiziell von Meteorologen und Luftqualitätsmanagern bestimmt wird, um ein No-Burn-Tag zu sein. Burn Tage variieren durch Luft-Becken an einem bestimmten Tag. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer Website für Rauchmanagement. Kalifornien Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) Eine gemeinnützige Vereinigung der Luftreinhaltung Kontrolle Offiziere aus allen 35 Luftqualität Agenturen in ganz Kalifornien. CAPCOA wurde 1975 gegründet, um saubere Luft zu fördern und ein Forum für den Austausch von Wissen, Erfahrungen und Informationen zwischen den Luftqualitätsbehörden rund um den Staat zu bieten. CAPCOA ist eine Organisation von Luftqualitätsprofis - Führungskräfte in ihrem Bereich - die Einheit und Effizienz fördern und sich bemühen, die Konsistenz der Methoden und Praktiken der Luftreinhaltung zu fördern. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer CAPCOAs Website. Die Staaten führen Luft-Qualität Agentur, bestehend aus einem 11-Mitglieder-Board von der Gouverneur ernannt, und knapp über tausend Mitarbeiter. ARB ist verantwortlich für die Erreichung und Aufrechterhaltung der staatlichen und föderalen Luftqualitätsnormen. Kalifornien Klimawandel-Programme, und ist voll verantwortlich für Kfz-Verschmutzung Kontrolle. Es überwacht Grafschaft und regionale Luftverschmutzungsmanagementprogramme. Eine gesetzliche Begrenzung, die die Höchst - und Zeit der Exposition in der Außenluft für einen bestimmten Luftschadstoff festlegt und die die menschliche Gesundheit und die öffentliche Wohlfahrt schützt. CAAQSs werden vom OEHHA empfohlen und von der ARB in die Regulierung aufgenommen. CAAQSs sind die Standards, die nach den Anforderungen des California Clean Air Act (CCAA) erfüllt werden müssen. Weitere Informationen finden Sie auf unserer AAQS Website. Ein kalifornisches Gesetz verabschiedete 1988, das die Grundlage für die Luftqualitätsplanung und - regulierung bildet, die unabhängig von den Bundesvorschriften ist. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Gesetzes ist die Voraussetzung, dass die örtlichen Luftbezirke, die gegen die CAAQS verstoßen, Vorbereitungspläne vorbereiten, die Luftqualitätsprobleme, Ursachen, Trends und Maßnahmen zur Erreichung und Aufrechterhaltung von Californias-Luftqualitätsnormen bis zum frühestmöglichen Zeitpunkt ermitteln. California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) Eine staatliche Regierungsbehörde, die 1991 für die Vereinheitlichung der Umweltaktivitäten im Zusammenhang mit dem Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit im Bundesstaat Kalifornien gegründet wurde. Es gibt fünf Bretter, Abteilungen und Büros unter der Organisation von CalEPA einschließlich der California Air Resources Board (ARB). State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) und seine neun Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCB), Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), Abteilung für Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) und Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Die CalEPA-Gremien, Abteilungen und Büros sind direkt für die Umsetzung von kalifornischen Umweltgesetzen verantwortlich oder spielen mit anderen Regulierungsbehörden auf regionaler, lokaler, staatlicher und föderaler Ebene eine kooperative Rolle. Eine vollständige Liste der CalEPA-Organisationen finden Sie auf der Homepage von CalEPAs. Ein kalifornisches Gesetz, das einen Prozess für öffentliche Stellen vorlegt, um fundierte Entscheidungen über diskretionäre Projektgenehmigungen zu treffen. Der Prozess hilft Entscheidungsträgern, festzustellen, ob irgendwelche Umweltauswirkungen mit einem vorgeschlagenen Projekt verbunden sind. Es erfordert, dass Umweltauswirkungen, die mit einem vorgeschlagenen Projekt verbunden sind, beseitigt oder verringert werden und dass Maßnahmen zur Luftqualitätsminderung umgesetzt werden. California Hydrogen Highway Network (CaH 2 Net) Eine Initiative, um Wasserstoff-Treibstoff-Infrastruktur in Kalifornien hinzuzufügen, um die Anforderungen von Wasserstoff-Fahrzeugen im State. P zu erfüllen. P Für weitere Informationen, besuchen Sie die California Hydrogen Highway Network Website. Kalifornien-Phase-2-Reformuliertes Benzin (CaRFG-Phase 2 oder CaRFG2) Benzin verkauft, zum Verkauf angeboten oder zum Verkauf als Kraftfahrzeug-Treibstoff in Kalifornien unterliegt, vorbehaltlich der kalifornischen Phase 2 umformulierten Benzin-Standards. Erfahren Sie mehr auf der Webseite der Treibstoffe. Kalifornien-Phase-3-Reformuliertes Benzin (CaRFG-Phase 3 oder CaRFG3) Benzin verkauft, zum Verkauf angeboten oder zum Verkauf als Kraftfahrzeug-Treibstoff in Kalifornien unterliegt, vorbehaltlich der kalifornischen Phase-3-umformulierten Benzin-Standards. Erfahren Sie mehr auf der Webseite der Treibstoffe. California Solar Initiative (CSI) Das am 1. Januar 2007 eingeleitete Investor-Utility-Programm der California Public Utilities Commission, um Anreize für die Installation von Solar-Distributed-Generation-Projekten zu schaffen. Eine Gruppe von Krankheiten, die durch unkontrolliertes invasives Wachstum von Körperzellen gekennzeichnet sind, die zur Bildung von bösartigen Tumoren führen, die dazu neigen, schnell zu wachsen und sich zu verbreiten (d. h. metastasieren). Eine vollstreckbare Begrenzung der Gesamtemissionen für die im Rahmen des Cap-and-Trade-Programms abgedeckten Anlagen. Die Kappe wird für jede Konformitätsperiode des Programms durch den Staat gesetzt und die Emissionen werden reduziert, während die Kappe im Laufe der Zeit abnimmt. Cap-and-Trade ist ein regulatorischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Verschmutzung durch die Festlegung einer festen Deckung auf die erlaubten Emissionen bei der Verwendung von Marktmechanismen, um Emissionsminderungen zu erreichen, während die Kosten senken. In einem Cap-and-Trade-Programm wird ein Limit oder eine Kappe auf die Menge der Treibhausgase gesetzt, die ausgegeben werden können. CARB Benzin, Kalifornien Reformuliertes Benzin (CaRFG) Benzin verkauft, zur Veräußerung bestimmt oder zum Verkauf als Kraftfahrzeug Treibstoff in Kalifornien unterliegt vorbehaltlich der California neu formulierten Benzin-Standards. Erfahren Sie mehr auf der Webseite der Treibstoffe. CARBOB (Kalifornien umformuliertes Benzin-Mischgut für Oxygenat-Vermischung) Eine Erdöl-abgeleitete Flüssigkeit, die ein Produkt sein soll, das nach der Umwandlung von Benzin bei der Zugabe eines Oxygenats wie Ethanol wird. Erfahren Sie mehr auf der Webseite der Treibstoffe. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Der Prozess der Erfassung von CO2 aus einer stationären Quelle, gefolgt von Komprimieren, Transportieren und Einspritzen in eine geeignete geologische Formation, wo es sequestriert wird. Kohlendioxid (CO 2) Ein farbloses, geruchloses Gas, das natürlich in der Erdatmosphäre auftritt. Signifikante Mengen werden auch durch die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe in die Luft abgegeben. (CO 2 E) Die Menge an Kohlendioxid, bezogen auf das Gewicht, die die gleiche globale Erwärmung als ein gegebenes Gewicht eines anderen Treibhausgases auf der Grundlage der besten verfügbaren Wissenschaft hervorbringen würde, Einschließlich des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Ein farbloses, geruchloses Gas, das aus der unvollständigen Verbrennung von Kohlenwasserstoffbrennstoffen resultiert. CO stört die Fähigkeit des Blutes, Sauerstoff zu den Körpergeweben zu tragen und führt zu zahlreichen nachteiligen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen. Über 80 Prozent des in städtischen Gebieten emittierten CO werden durch Kraftfahrzeuge unterstützt. CO ist ein Kriterium Luftschadstoff. Das Verfahren der Entfernung von Kohlendioxid (CO 2) aus der Atmosphäre, indem es in einem anderen Kohlenstoffreservoir als der Atmosphäre gelagert wird. Die Sequestrierung erhöht die Kohlenstofflagerung in Bäumen und Böden, bewahrt den vorhandenen Baum und Bodenkohlenstoff und reduziert die CO 2 - Emissionen. Methan (CH & sub4;) und Distickstoffoxid (N & sub2; O). Karzinogen Eine krebserregende Substanz (Siehe auch Krebs.) Carl Moyer Fund Ein Multi-Millionen-Dollar-Anreiz-Förderprogramm zur Förderung der Reduzierung der Emissionen von Schwerlastmotoren. Die Zuschüsse decken die zusätzlichen Kosten für saubere Technologien für On-Road-, Off-Road-, Marine-, Lokomotive und landwirtschaftliche Pumpenmotoren sowie Gabelstapler und Flughafen Bodenunterstützung Ausrüstung. Besuchen Sie unsere Carl Moyer Programm-Website. CAS Registry Number Die Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS) ist eine numerische Bezeichnung, die von der American Chemical Societys Chemical Abstract Service zugewiesen und eindeutig identifiziert eine spezifische Verbindung. Dieser Eintrag erlaubt es, ein Material endgültig zu identifizieren, unabhängig von dem verwendeten Namen oder Namenssystem. Eine Substanz, die die Geschwindigkeit einer chemischen Reaktion zwischen den anderen chemischen Spezies erhöhen oder verringern kann, ohne dabei verzehrt zu werden. Katalysator Eine Kraftfahrzeug-Verschmutzungs-Kontrollvorrichtung zur Reduzierung von Emissionen wie Stickoxiden. Kohlenwasserstoffe und Kohlenmonoxid. Für alle neuen Kraftfahrzeuge, die seit 1979 in Kalifornien verkauft wurden, wurden katalytische Konverter benötigt. Der kontinuierliche Emissionsmonitor (CEM) CEM beinhaltet die Festlegung der Einhaltung von Emissionsbegrenzungen auf kontinuierliche Basis durch die Installation eines Systems, um kontinuierlich innerhalb des Schornsteins zu arbeiten Andere Emissionsquelle. CEM werden auch zur Prozesskontrolle und zur Überwachung der Bedienung der Steuergeräte eingesetzt. Certified, Certification Das formale Verfahren, bei dem der Hersteller eines Fahrzeugs, Produkts oder Prozesses die Einhaltung aller anwendbaren Vorschriften belegt und die Erlaubnis zur Vermarktung, Verkauf oder Lieferung des Artikels in Kalifornien erhält. Die Zertifizierung in Kalifornien wird in der Regel durch die Erteilung eines Executive Order (EO) angezeigt. Chlorfluorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW) Eine beliebige Anzahl von Stoffen aus Chlor, Fluor und Kohlenstoff. CFCs werden für Kälte-, Schaum-, Lösungs - und Treibmittel verwendet. Chronische Exposition Langfristige Exposition, in der Regel dauerhaft ein Jahr zu einem Leben. Chronic Health Effect A health effect that occurs over a relatively long period of time (e. g. months or years). (See also acute health effect .) Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) CVRP is intended to encourage and accelerate zero-emission vehicle deployment and technology innovation by providing grants to eligible vehicles. For more details see the ARB website. Gasoline fuel that results in reduced emissions of carbon monoxide. nitrogen oxides. reactive organic gases and particulate matter, in addition to toxic substances such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene. Visit our cleaner-burning gasoline website or an overview of ARBs fuels program . Climate Action Team (CAT) The Secretary of CalEPA leads the Climate Action Team made up of representatives from state agencies, boards and departments. The CAT members work to coordinate statewide efforts to implement global warming emission reduction programs and the states Climate Adaptation Strategy. The CAT is also responsible for reporting on the progress made toward meeting the statewide greenhouse gas targets that were established by Executive Order S-3-05 and further defined under AB 32 . Climate Change A layer of any substance such as paint, lacquer, or varnish applied over a surface for protection. For more information, visit our coatings website . Coefficient of Haze (COH) A measurement of the quantity of dust and smoke in the atmosphere in a theoretical 1,000 linear feet of air. A COH of less than three is considered clean air and more than five is of some concern. COH readings of 20 or more can occur in urban areas. Cold Ironing or Shore power refers to providing electrical power to a vessel that is docked. The purpose of shore power is to allow the vessel operator to turn off the vessels auxiliary engines, which would normally be providing the necessary electricity. Although there are emissions associated with the generation of electricity used for shore power, those emissions are much less than those from the auxiliary engines, which burn diesel fuel. An approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP application involves the recovery of otherwise wasted thermal energy to produce additional power or useful thermal energy. The act or instance of burning some type of fuel, such as gasoline, to produce energy. Combustion is typically the process that powers automobile engines and power plant generators. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conformity A demonstration of whether a federally-supported activity is consistent with the State Implementation Plan (SIP) -- per Section 176 (c) of the Clean Air Act. Transportation conformity refers to plans, programs and projects approved or funded by the Federal Highway Administration or the Federal Transit Administration. General conformity refers to projects approved or funded by other federal agencies. Congestion Management Program A state-mandated program (California Government Code Section 65089a) that requires each county to prepare a plan to relieve congestion and reduce air pollution. Consumer Products Products such as hairspray, detergents, cleaning compounds, polishes, lawn and garden products, personal care products and automotive specialty products that are part of our everyday lives and, through consumer use, may produce volatile organic air emissions which contribute to air pollution. Visit our consumer products website. An air analyzer that measures air quality components continuously. (See also Integrated Sampling Device .) Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) Guidance documents issued by U. S. EPA that define reasonably available control technology (RACT) to be applied to existing facilities that emit excessive quantities of air pollutants they contain information both on the economic and technological feasibility of available techniques. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) COPD is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is generally progressive, but may be partially reversible. The more familiar terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema are included within the COPD diagnosis. COPD is strongly associated with tobacco smoking but can occur in non-smokers as well and is a serious, life-threatening lung disease. Cost-Effectiveness The cost of an emission control measure assessed in terms of dollars-per-pound, or dollars-per-ton, of air emissions reduced. An air pollutant for which acceptable levels of exposure can be determined and for which an ambient air quality standard has been set. Examples include: ozone. carbon monoxide. nitrogen dioxide. sulfur dioxide. PM10 and PM2.5. The term criteria air pollutants derives from the requirement that the U. S. EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants. The U. S. EPA and ARB periodically review new scientific data and may propose revisions to the standards as a result. View our health and air pollution website. An air pollution control device that removes larger particles -- generally greater than one micron -- from an air stream through centrifugal force. A measurement of visibility. One deciview represents the minimal perceptible change in visibility to the human eye. Equipment that removes grease, dirt, or unwanted materials from any part or product. Degreasers typically use aqueous or nonaqueous solvents, as liquid baths or condensing vapors, to remove such material. Deposit Control Additives Substances added to motor vehicle fuel to reduce and prevent deposits in the fuel delivery system and engine intake valves. Design Value The pollutant concentration used by air quality managers as the basis for determining attainment of an air quality standard. generally by using an air quality model. The design value may or may not be the same as the designation value. The pollutant concentration used by air quality managers for designating attainment status of an air district with respect to the state and federal ambient air quality standards. Generally, the designation value is the highest concentration that remains after excluding certain qualifying values. For a specific pollutant, the designation value for the state and federal standards may not be the same. Diesel Engine A type of internal combustion engine that uses low-volatility petroleum fuel and fuel injectors and initiates combustion using compression ignition (as opposed to spark ignition that is used with gasoline engines). Discrete Early Action Items AB 32 directed ARB to identify and adopt climate change regulations for discrete early actions that could be enforceable on or before January 1, 2010. ARB identified nine discrete early action measures including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources in 2007 that included ship electrification at ports and reduction of high GWP gases in consumer products. Dispersion Model The amount of a pollutant that is absorbed. A level of exposure which is a function of a pollutants concentration, the length of time a subject is exposed and the amount of the pollutant that is absorbed. The concentration of the pollutant and the length of time that the subject is exposed to that pollutant determine dose. Dose-Response The relationship between the dose of a pollutant and the response (or effect) it produces on a biological system. Solid particulate matter that can become airborne. A nominal blend of 85 volume percent denatured ethanol and 15 volume percent unleaded gasoline that is used in flexible fuel vehicles. EAAC (Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee) The CalEPA Secretary and ARB Chairman created an Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee to advise ARB on the design of a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program. EAAC evaluated and provided recommendations on the implications of different allowance allocation strategies such as free allocation, auction, or a combination of both. EAAC also provided advice to ARB on its revised AB 32 economic analysis. EJAC (Environmental Justice Advisory Committee) AB 32 directed ARB to convene an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise ARB on the implementation of AB 32. EJAC is comprised of representatives from communities in the state with the most significant exposure to air pollution, including, but not limited to, communities with minority populations or low-income populations. Electric Vehicle A motor vehicle that uses an electric motor as the basis of its operation. Such vehicles emit virtually no air pollutants. (See also hybrid electric vehicle .) For more information, please see our zero emission vehicles website. An air pollution control device that removes particulate matter from an air stream by imparting an electrical charge to the particles for mechanical collection at an electrode. For more information, visit our associated training class on this subject. Emission Factor For stationary sources. the relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the amount of raw material processed or burned. For mobile sources. the relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the number of vehicle miles traveled. By using the emission factor of a pollutant and specific data regarding quantities of materials used by a given source, it is possible to compute emissions for the source. This approach is used in preparing an emissions inventory. Visit U. S. EPA emission factors. or ARBs emission factors and toxic air contaminants. Emission Inventory An estimate of the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from major mobile, stationary, area-wide and natural source categories over a specific period of time such as a day or a year. For more information, visit our emissions inventory website. Emission Offsets (also known as Emissions Trading) A rule-making concept whereby approval of a new or modified stationary source of air pollution is conditional on the reduction of emissions from other existing stationary sources of air pollution. These reductions are required in addition to reductions required by best available control technology. For information see our New Source Review Emission Reduction Credit Offsets website. Emission Permit A non-transferable or tradable allocation of entitlements by a government to an individual firm to emit a specified amount of a substance. Emission Rate The weight of a pollutant emitted per unit of time (e. g. tonsyear). Released or discharged air contaminants in the ambient air from any source. The maximum amount of a pollutant that is allowed to be discharged from a polluting source such as an automobile or smoke stack. Energy Content The amount of energy available for doing work. For example, the amount of energy in fuel available for powering a motor vehicle. Enhanced AT PZEV Emissions certification standard for motor vehicles vehicle meets the requirements of an AT PZEV and has some all electric range, such as a plug-in hybrid, or has an internal combustion engine (ICE) that runs on hydrogen. Environmental Justice (EJ) The fair treatment of people of all races and incomes with respect to development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. A label that provides a Global Warming Score and Smog Score, both on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 being cleanest). The Environmental Performance Label is required on all new cars sold in California that are manufactured after January 1, 2009. Primarily a combination of sidestream smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and exhaled mainstream smoke from the smoker. Other components include smoke emitted at the mouthpiece during puff drawing. For more information, visit our environmental tobacco smoke website. Epidemiology The study of the occurrence and distribution of disease within a population. ETAAC (Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee) The committee was formed as directed by AB 32 to advise ARB on activities that will facilitate investment in and implementation of technological research and development opportunities including, but not limited to, identifying new technologies, research, demonstration projects, funding opportunities, developing state, national and international partnerships and technology transfer opportunities and, identifying and assessing research and advanced technology investment and incentive opportunities that will assist in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The committee may also advise the ARB on state, regional, national and international economic and technological developments related to greenhouse gas emission reductions. Ethanol (ETOH) Ethyl-alcohol, a volatile alcohol containing two carbon groups (CH 3 CH 2 OH). For fuel use, ethanol is produced by fermentation of corn or other plant products. The chemical ethylene oxide (1,2-epoxyethane) which has been identified by the ARB and listed as a toxic air contaminant in title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93000. Evaporative Emissions Emissions from evaporating gasoline, which can occur during vehicle refueling, vehicle operation and even when the vehicle is parked. Evaporative emissions can account for two-thirds of the hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles on hot summer days. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) An emission control method that involves recirculating exhaust gases from an engine back into the intake and combustion chambers. This lowers combustion temperatures and reduces NOx. (See also nitrogen oxides .) The legal document that indicates that a product subject to ARB regulations has in fact meet those requirements and can be offered for sale in California. The Executive Order, or EO, also lists important compliance information such as the legal description of the product and manufacturer, the actual standards met, when the executive order was granted and any conditions of the certification. Exceedance A measured level of an air pollutant higher than the national or state ambient air quality standards. (See also NAAQS and CAAQS .) Expected Peak Day Concentration (EPDC) A calculated value that represents the concentration expected to occur at a particular site once per year, on average. The calculation procedure uses measured data collected at the site during a three-year period. Measured concentrations that are higher than the EPDC are excluded from the state area designation process. The concentration of the pollutant in the air multiplied by the population exposed to that concentration over a specified time period. Exposure Assessment Measurement or estimation of the magnitude, frequency, duration and route of exposure to a substance for the populations of interest. FED (Functional Equivalent Environmental Document) The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) allows public agencies to prepare a plan or other written documentation in lieu of an environmental impact report (i. e. a functional equivalent environmental document) which outlines the environmental analyses as part of any regulatory process. Prior to taking final action on any proposal for which significant environmental issues have been raised, the decision maker will provide a written response to each such issue. A federal law passed in 1970 and amended in 1974, 1977 and 1990 that forms the basis for the national air pollution control effort. Basic elements of the act include national ambient air quality standards for major air pollutants, mobile and stationary control measures, air toxics standards, acid rain control measures and enforcement provisions. For more information, visit the Federal Clean Air Act. Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) In the absence of an approved State Implementation Plan (SIP). a plan prepared by the U. S. EPA that provides measures that nonattainment areas must take to meet the requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act. A market-based emission fee in which the fee is levied on projected lifecycle vehicle emissions and is refunded according to an allocation formula. Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) Vehicles that can use a combination of fuels such as alcohol fuel and unleaded gasoline. Air borne solid particles that result from the burning of coal and other solid fuel. Foreign Military Officer Any active duty military personnel of a foreign country assigned to a California military installation as part of an exchange or joint training agreement authorized or sponsored by the U. S. Department of Defense. Foreign Military Officers are not subject to California direct import vehicle requirements for registration and have the same privileges as out-of-state military personnel. Fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas so-called because they are the remains of ancient plant and animal life. An electrochemical cell that captures the electrical energy of a chemical reaction between fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and converts it directly and continuously into the energy of a direct electrical current. For more information, see the ARBs fuel cell portal. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) A zero-emission vehicle that runs on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell stack that produces electricity to power the vehicle. Dust particles that are introduced into the air through certain activities such as soil cultivation, or vehicles operating on open fields or dirt roadways. This is a subset of fugitive emissions. Emissions not caught by a capture system which are often due to equipment leaks, evaporative processes and windblown disturbances. Solid particles under 1 micron in diameter formed as vapors condense, or as chemical reactions take place. A combustion chamber an enclosed structure in which fuel is burned to heat air or material. Gas Turbine An engine that uses a compressor to draw in air and compress it. Fuel is then added to the air and combusted in a combustor. Hot combustion gases exiting the engine turn a turbine which also turns the compressor. The engines power output can be delivered from the compressor or turbine side of the engine. The evaporative properties of gasoline. Gasoline vapor is a volatile organic compound. (See also Reid Vapor Pressure .) An increase in the temperature of the Earths troposphere. Global warming has occurred in the past as a result of natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted by computer models to occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases. For more information, go to ARBs climate change website or check out its own glossary. The relative warming of a greenhouse gas over a specified period of time as compared to carbon dioxide (GWP of 1). GWP allows for the conversion of different greenhouse gas emissions into the same emissions unit, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 E). Global Warming Score A score that ranks each vehicles CO 2 - equivalent value on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the cleanest) relative to all other vehicles. All vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009, must display this score on the Environmental Performance Label. Goods Movement The processes and activities involved in the pickup, movement and delivery of goods (agricultural, consumer, industrial products and raw materials) from producerspoints of origin to consumerspoint of use or delivery. Goods movement relies on a series of transportation, financial and information systems for this to occur, that involves an international, national, state, regional and local networks of producers and suppliers, carriers and representative agents from the private sector, the public sector (federal, state, regional and local governmental agencies) and the general public. Greenhouse Effect The warming effect of the Earths atmosphere. Light energy from the sun which passes through the Earths atmosphere is absorbed by the Earths surface and re-radiated into the atmosphere as heat energy. The heat energy is then trapped by the atmosphere, creating a situation similar to that which occurs in a car with its windows rolled up. A number of scientists believe that the emission of CO 2 and other gases into the atmosphere may increase the greenhouse effect and contribute to global warming. (Climate Change: see ClimateChange. ca. gov gloss .) Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor that slow the passage of re-radiated heat through the Earths atmosphere. (See also ClimateChange. ca. gov gloss .) Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation model used to determine emissions from various vehicle and fuel combinations. Growth Management Plan A plan for a given geographical region containing demographic projections (i. e. housing units, employment and population) through some specified point in time and which provides recommendations for local governments to better manage growth and reduce projected environmental impacts. An air pollutant listed under section 112 (b) of the Federal Clean Air Act as particularly hazardous to health. Emission sources of hazardous air pollutants are identified by U. S. EPA and emission standards are set accordingly. For more information, visit our Title III website area. Haze (Hazy) A phenomenon that results in reduced visibility due to the scattering of light caused by aerosols. Haze is caused in large part by man-made air pollutants. Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection Program (HDVIP) This regulation authorizes random roadside smoke opacity testing of heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses. The opacity of exhaust emitted from these engines must not exceed 40 percent (1991 and newer engine model years) or 55 percent (all pre-1991 engines). Gasoline and diesel trucks and buses are also inspected for tampering and for engine certification label compliance. Health-Based Standard (Primary Standard) A dosage of air pollution scientifically determined to protect against human health effects such as asthma, emphysema and cancer. Health Risk Assessment (HRA) A document that identifies the risks and quantities of possible adverse health effects that may result from exposure to emissions of toxic air contaminants. A health risk assessment cannot predict specific health effects it only describes the increased possibility of adverse health effects based on the best scientific information available. Hot Spot A vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor. This combination offers the range and refueling capabilities of a conventional vehicle, while providing improved fuel economy and lower emissions. Compounds containing various combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They may be emitted into the air by natural sources (e. g. trees) and as a result of fossil and vegetative fuel combustion, fuel volatilization and solvent use. Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog. (See also Reactive Organic Gases ). Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) A colorless, flammable, poisonous compound having a characteristic rotten-egg odor. It is used in industrial processes and may be emitted into the air. ICAT (Innovative Clean Air Technologies program) ICAT is an ARB program that co-funds the demonstration of innovative technologies that can reduce air pollution. Its purpose is to advance such technologies toward commercial application, thereby reducing emissions and helping the economy of California. Incremental Reactivity (IR) The additional ozone formed in the atmosphere with the incremental addition of a certain amount of a volatile organic compound. Incineration The act of burning a material to ashes. Any facility, building, structure, or installation, or combination thereof, which generates or attracts mobile source activity that results in emissions of any pollutant (or precursor) for which there is a state ambient air quality standard. Examples of indirect sources include employment sites, shopping centers, sports facilities, housing developments, airports, commercial and industrial development and parking lots and garages. Indirect Source Control Program Rules, regulations, local ordinances and land use controls and other regulatory strategies of air pollution control districts or local governments used to control or reduce emissions associated with new and existing indirect sources. Indirect source control programs include regulatory strategies such as transportation control measures (e. g. South Coasts Regulation XV for employer-based trip reduction) parking charges land use controls that reduce the need for vehicle travel and increase transit, bicycle and pedestrian access and, source-specific regulations such as truck idling and travel schedule requirements. Indirect Source Review A major component of an indirect source control program which applies to new and modified indirect sources. Strategies for indirect source review include permit programs, review and comment on new and modified indirect source projects through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) process and coordination of air quality, transportation and land use policies through local government general plans. Indirect source review reduces emissions from new and modified sources through best available mitigation measures and additional offsite mitigation such as offsets and mitigation fees. Individual Cancer Risk The probability, expressed as chances in a million, that a person experiencing 70 years of continuous area-wide outdoor exposure to a toxic air contaminant will develop cancer. Indoor Air Pollution Air pollutants that occur within buildings or other enclosed spaces, as opposed to those occurring in outdoor, or ambient air. Some examples of indoor air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide. For more information, visit our indoor air quality website. Industrial Source Any of a large number of sources -- such as manufacturing operations, oil and gas refineries, food processing plants and energy generating facilities -- that emit substances into the atmosphere. A gas that does not react with the substances coming in contact with it. A motor vehicle inspection program implemented by the California Bureau of Automotive Repair. The purpose of the IM is to reduce emissions by assuring that cars are running properly. It is designed to identify vehicles in need of maintenance and to assure the effectiveness of their emission control systems on a biennial basis. Enacted in 1979 and strengthened in 1990. (Also known as the Smog Check program.) An air sampling device that allows estimation of air quality components over a period of time through laboratory analysis of the samplers medium. (See also Continuous Sampling Device .) Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which both the heat energy and the ensuing mechanical energy are produced inside the engine. Includes gas turbines, spark ignition gas and compression ignition diesel engines. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) An expert international agency of the World Health Organization which publishes evaluations of evidence on the carcinogenicity of a wide range of chemicals. For more information, visit our IARC website. A layer of warm air in the atmosphere that prevents the rise of cooling air and traps pollutants beneath it. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) Private companies that provide a utility, such as water, natural gas or electricity, to a specific service area. A gray-white metal that is soft, malleable, ductile and resistant to corrosion. Sources of lead resulting in concentrations in the air include industrial sources and crustal weathering of soils followed by fugitive dust emissions. Health effects from exposure to lead include brain and kidney damage and learning disabilities. Lead is the only substance which is currently listed as both a criteria air pollutant and a toxic air contaminant. A reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases within the state that is offset by an increase in emissions of greenhouse gases outside the state. Light-Duty Vehicle (LDV) Any motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of 6,000 pounds or less. Limit of Detection (LOD) The lowest concentration of a substance that can be reliably measured. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Low Carbon Fuels Standard (LCFS) LCFS is a discreet early action measure of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. This regulation reduces the carbon intensity (greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy in the fuel) of transportation fuels by 10 percent by 2020. Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs low emission vehicle standards. For more information, please go to our low emission vehicle website. Low Emission Vehicle II (LEV II) California exhaust emission standards for 2004 and subsequent model passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty vehicles. Find more information at Drive Clean. Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) Under the Clean Air Act. the rate of emissions that reflects, the most stringent emission limitation in the State Implementation Plan of any state for a given source unless the owner or operator demonstrates such limitations are not achievable or, the most stringent emissions limitation achieved in practice, whichever is more stringent. Low NOx Burners One of several combustion technologies used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides. A measure of the ability of an oil or other compound to lubricate (reduce friction) between two surfaces in contact. A stationary facility that emits a regulated pollutant in an amount exceeding the threshold level depending on the location of the facility and attainment with regard to air quality status. (See Source .) Market-Based Approaches A system of market-based declining annual aggregate emissions limitations for sources, or categories of sources, that emit greenhouse gases. Market-based can also refer to greenhouse gas emissions exchanges, banking, credits and other transactions, governed by rules and protocols established by the ARB, that result in the same greenhouse gas emission reduction, over the same time period, as direct compliance with a greenhouse gas emission limit or emission reduction measure adopted by the ARB. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Federal emissions limitations based on the best demonstrated control technology or practices in similar sources to be applied to major sources emitting one or more federal hazardous air pollutants. For more information, visit our Title III website. Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) A measure of the increase in ozone formation per unit weight of a hydrocarbon when added to the atmosphere. The middle value in a population distribution, above and below which lie an equal number of individual values midpoint. Melting Point The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. At this temperature, the solid and the liquid have the same vapor pressure. The layer of the Earths atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It is between 35 and 60 miles from the Earth. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) An ether compound added to gasoline to provide oxygen and enhance complete combustion. MTBE has been phased out of Californias gasoline. See our fuels website, for more information. Military Personnel Active duty members of the U. S. armed forces or reserves assigned to California facilities and active duty. Capable of being mixed with other substances. Million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. Sources of air pollution such as automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, off-road vehicles, boats and airplanes. (See also stationary sources. ) For more information, please go to our mobile sources portal page. Monitoring The periodic or continuous sampling and analysis of air pollutants in ambient air or from individual pollution sources. Motor Vehicle Fee Program Rate of disease incidence. Multimedia Exposure Exposure to a toxic substance from multiple pathways such as air, water, soil, food and breast milk. The ability of a chemical or physical agent to produce heritable changes in the DNA of living cells. Standards established by the U. S. EPA that apply for outdoor air throughout the country. There are two types of NAAQS. Primary standards set limits to protect public health and secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare. For more information, visit our AAQS website. The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) are set by the U. S. EPA for an air pollutant not covered by National Ambient Air Quality Standards that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. Non-manmade emission sources, including biological and geological sources, wildfires and windblown dust. New Solar Home Partnership (NSHP) Part of the comprehensive statewide solar program. The NSHP program provides financial incentives and other support to home builders, encouraging the construction of new, energy efficient solar homes that save homeowners money on their electric bills and protect the environment. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Uniform national U. S. EPA air emission standards that limit the amount of pollution allowed from new sources or from modified existing sources. For more information, see our Title V website. A Clean Air Act requirement that State Implementation Plans must include a permit review, which applies to the construction and operation of new and modified stationary sources in nonattainment areas. to ensure attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The two major requirements of NSR are Best Available Control Technology and Emission Offsets. For more information, see our New Source Review website. New Vehicle Any vehicle transferred with less than 7,500 miles, or any vehicle that has not yet been issued a title (regardless of mileage). NIST Cert of Standards The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides standard reference materials used to confirm the accuracy and traceability of standards for calibrating instrumentation used to measure atmospheric concentrations of air pollutants. Nitric Oxide (NO) A Precursor of ozone. NO 2 and nitrate nitric oxide is usually emitted from combustion processes. Nitric oxide is converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the atmosphere and then becomes involved in the photochemical processes andor particulate formation. (See Nitrogen Oxides .) A general term pertaining to compounds of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and other oxides of nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are typically created during combustion processes and are major contributors to smog formation and acid deposition. NO2 is a criteria air pollutant and may result in numerous adverse health effects. Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is the six asbestos minerals that have been identified as toxic air contaminants and occur naturally in rocks and soils. During many earth-disturbing activities, asbestos minerals may be released from rocks and soils, become airborne and inhaled deep into the lung. A geographic area identified by the U. S. EPA andor ARB as not meeting either NAAQS or CAAQS standards for a given pollutant. For more information, visit our designated areas website. Nonattainment Transitional A subcategory of the nonattainment designation category for state standards that signals progress and implies the area is nearing attainment. Districts with nonattainment-transitional status may revise their attainment plans to delay adoption of control measures anticipating attainment without the measures. Non-carcinogenic Effects Non-cancer health effects which may include birth defects, organ damage, morbidity and death. Non-Industrial Source Any of a large number of sources -- such as mobile, area-wide, indirect and natural sources -- which emit substances into the atmosphere. The sum of all hydrocarbon air pollutants except methane. NMHCs are significant precursors to ozone formation. The sum of non-methane hydrocarbons and other organic gases such as aldehydes, ketones and ethers. Non-Point Sources Diffuse pollution sources that are not recognized to have a single point of origin. Non-Road Emissions Pollutants emitted by a variety of non-road sources such as farm and construction equipment, gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment, power boats and outboard motors. For more information, see our offroad website. No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) A term used in risk assessment. An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between an exposed population and a comparable non-exposed population. No-Observed-Effect-Level (NOEL) A term used in risk assessment. An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant difference or severity of any effect between an exposed population and a comparable non-exposed population. Octane Number A numerical measure of the antiknock properties of gasoline used as a motor fuel. The higher the octane number, the greater the antiknock properties. A department within the California Environmental Protection Agency that is responsible for evaluating chemicals for adverse health impacts and establishing safe exposure levels. OEHHA also assists in performing health risk assessments and developing risk assessment procedures for air quality management purposes. Visit the OEHHAs home page. Offsets are tradable credits that represent greenhouse gas emissions reductions that are made in areas or sectors not covered by a cap-and-trade program. Under a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program. covered entities could buy offset credits in lieu of buying allowances or reducing their greenhouse gas emissions on-site. One offset credit would be equal to one metric ton of greenhouse gas emissions. Offsets must meet rigorous criteria that demonstrate that the emissions reductions are real, permanent, verifiable, enforceable and quantifiable. A class of unsaturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH 2 n. Olefins in gasoline are responsible for the formation of deposits in storage tanks, fuel ducts and injectors. Therefore, their volume is limited by the reformulated gasoline regulation. Onboard Diagnostics (OBD) Devices that are incorporated into the computer systems of new motor vehicles to monitor components and systems that affect emissions when malfunctioning. If a problem is detected, the OBD system illuminates a warning lamp on the vehicle instrument panel to alert the driver. This warning lamp typically contains the phrase Check Engine or Service Engine Soon. The system will also store important information about the detected malfunction so that a repair technician can accurately find and fix the problem. For more information, visit our on-board diagnostics website. Onboard Vapor Recovery Devices placed on vehicles to capture gasoline vapor during refueling and then route the vapors to the engine when the vehicle is started so that they can be efficiently burned. On-Road, On-Road Vehicle Vehicles that are intended by their manufacturer for use on public highways. On-road vehicles must be certified by their manufacturer with the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT), National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA), as compliant with on-highway safety standards as well as certified to all applicable ARB and U. S. EPA on-road emission standards. Compliance with these standards is indicated by separate safety and emissions labels on the vehicle. The amount of light obscured by particle pollution in the atmosphere. Opacity is used as an indicator of changes in performance of particulate control systems. Organic Compounds A large group of chemical compounds containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. All living organisms are made up of organic compounds. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) The OCS is all submerged lands lying seaward of state coastal waters (3 miles offshore) which are under U. S. jurisdiction. A substance that brings about oxidation in other substances. Oxidizing agents (oxidants) contain atoms that have suffered electron loss. In oxidizing other substances, these atoms gain electrons. Ozone. which is a primary component of smog. is an example of an oxidant. The chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen or a reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and its valence is correspondingly increased. An organic molecule that contains oxygen. Oxygenates are typically ethers and alcohols. The most common oxygenate is ethanol in gasoline, which now runs about 10 percent by volume. The purpose of the oxygenate is to help the gasoline burn more completely, reducing carbon monoxide emissions. This is especially important during the winter months. A strong smelling, pale blue, reactive toxic chemical gas consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is a product of the photochemical process involving the suns energy and ozone precursors. such as hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. Ozone exists in the upper atmosphere ozone layer (stratospheric ozone) as well as at the Earths surface in the troposphere (ozone). Ozone in the troposphere causes numerous adverse health effects and is a criteria air pollutant. It is a major component of smog. Ozone Depletion The reduction in the stratospheric ozone layer. Stratospheric ozone shields the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. The breakdown of certain chlorine andor bromine-containing compounds that catalytically destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere can cause a reduction in the ozone layer. For more information, go to U. S. EPAs website on this subject. Ozone-Forming Potential Ozone Generator Some indoor air purifiers or air cleaners emit ozone, a major component of outdoor smog, either intentionally or as a by-product of their design. Those that intentionally emit ozone are often called ozone generators. A layer of ozone in the lower portion of the stratosphere -- 12 to 15 miles above the Earths surface -- which helps to filter out harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. It may be contrasted with the ozone component of photochemical smog near the Earths surface, which is harmful. Chemicals such as non-methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. occurring either naturally or as a result of human activities, which contribute to the formation of ozone. a major component of smog. Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) Vehicles that meet the ARB super ultra low emissions standard, have zero evaporative emissions and have a 15 year150,000 mile warranty. See our Drive Clean website. Any material, except pure water, that exists in the solid or liquid state in the atmosphere. The size of particulate matter can vary from coarse, wind-blown dust particles to fine particle combustion products. For more information, see ARBs PM brochure. Peak Levels A level of airborne pollutants that is much higher than average. They can occur over a short period of minutes or hours in response to sudden releases, or they can occur due to a longer term build-up over several days. Perchloroethylene (Perc) The substance with the chemical formula C 2 C l4 , also known by the name tetrachloroethylene which has been identified by the ARB and listed as a toxic air contaminant (title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93000). Periodic Smoke Inspection Program (PSIP) Regulation requiring fleet owners of two or more heavy-duty diesel powered trucks or buses to perform annual smoke opacity inspections on each vehicles engine that is four years old or older. Engines that exceed opacity standards must be repaired to be brought into compliance. Fleet owners must keep records of the annual smoke test for two years and make these records available to ARB upon request. Written authorization from a government agency (e. g. an air quality management district ) that allows for the construction andor operation of an emissions generating facility or its equipment within certain specified limits. For more information, visit our permitting activities portal page. Permit to Operate (PO) An operational permit issued yearly by an air district to sources that meet specified regulations. Peroxyacytal Nitrate (PAN) A group of compounds formed from the photochemical reactions of nitrogen and organic compounds. PANs are components of smog and known to cause eye irritation. Persistence Refers to the length of time a compound stays in the atmosphere. once introduced. A compound may persist for less than a second or indefinitely. Personal Watercraft (PWC) Watercraft that do not have outboard, inboard, or stern drive engines. This encompasses the watercraft typically referred to as Jet Skis, Waverunners, etc. For more information, see our recreational marine website. Photochemical Reaction A term referring to chemical reactions brought about by the light energy of the sun. The reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form ozone is an example of a photochemical reaction. Photolysis Chemical decomposition induced by light or other energy. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) A vehicle that is similar to traditional hybrids but is also equipped with a larger, more advanced battery that allows the vehicle to be plugged in and recharged in addition to refueling with gasoline. This larger battery allows you to drive on a combination of electric and gasoline fuels. See our Drive Clean website. A visible or measurable discharge of a contaminant from a given point of origin that can be measured according to the Ringelmann scale. (See Ringelmann Chart .) Includes tiny particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 microns. This fraction of particulate matter penetrates most deeply into the lungs. For more information, see our particulate matter website. A criteria air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 microns (about 17 the diameter of a single human hair). Their small size allows them to make their way to the air sacs deep within the lungs where they may be deposited and result in adverse health effects. PM10 also causes visibility reduction. For more information, see our particulate matter brochure. Point Sources Specific points of origin where pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere such as factory smokestacks. (See also Area-Wide Sources and Fugitive Emissions .) Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) A numerical index formerly used for reporting severity of air pollution levels to the general public. The PSI incorporated the five criteria pollutants -- ozone. PM10. carbon monoxide. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide -- into one single index. The PSI was based on the 1-hour ozone standard. PSI levels ranged from 0 (Good air quality) to 500 (Hazardous air quality). The higher the index, the higher the level of pollutants and the greater likelihood of health effects. For more information, see our Air Quality Index werbsite. The use of materials, processes, or practices to reduce, minimize, or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes. It includes practices that reduce the use of toxic or hazardous materials, energy, water andor other resources. For more information, see our Pollution Prevention Program website. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Organic compounds which include only carbon and hydrogen with a fused ring structure containing at least two benzene (six-sided) rings. PAHs may also contain additional fused rings that are not six-sided. The combustion of organic substances is a common source of atmospheric PAHs. Natural or synthetic chemical compounds composed of up to millions of repeated linked units, each of a relatively light and simple molecule. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) An emission control system for a reciprocating internal combustion engine that involves recirculating gases that blow by the piston rings during combustion from the crankcase back into the intake manifold so they can be more completely burned. Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTW) are facilities designed to collect, transmit and treat wastewater that may be generated by industrial, commercial andor domestic sources. Treatment works include the wastewater treatment units themselves, as well as intercepting sewers, outfall sewers, sewage collection systems, pumping, power and other equipment. Precipitator Pollution control device that collects particles from an air stream. (See Electrostatic Precipitator .) Prescribed Burning The planned application of fire to vegetation to achieve any specific objective on lands selected in advance of that application. In California, prescribed burning is governed under the Agricultural Burning Guidelines. A permitting program for new and modified stationary sources of air pollution located in an area that attains or is unclassified for national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS ). The PSD program is designed to ensure that air quality does not degrade beyond those air quality standards or beyond specified incremental amounts. The PSD permitting process requires new and modified facilities above a specified size threshold to be carefully reviewed prior to construction for air quality impacts. PSD also requires those facilities to apply BACT to minimize emissions of air pollutants. A public notification process is conducted prior to issuance of final PSD permits. Primary Particles Particles that are directly emitted from combustion and fugitive dust sources. (Compare with Secondary Particle .) Propellant A gas with a high vapor pressure used to force formulations out of aerosol spray cans. Among the gases used are butanes, propanes and nitrogen. Proposition 65 Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, also known as Proposition 65. This act is codified in California Health and Safety Code section 25249.5, et seq. No person in the course of doing business shall knowingly discharge or release a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity into water or into land where such chemical passes or probably will pass into any source of drinking water, without first giving clear and reasonable warning to such individual. For more information, visit the OEHHAs Prop 65 website. Public Owned Utilities (POUs) Non-profit utility providers owned by a community and operated by municipalities, counties, states, public power districts, or other public organizations. Within POUs, residents have a say in decisions and policies about rates, services, generating fuels and the environment. Public Workshop A workshop held by a public agency for the purpose of informing the public and obtaining its input on the development of a regulatory action or control measure by that agency. A colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive, inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of radium atoms in soil or rocks. A term used in the context of air quality management to describe a hydrocarbons ability to react (participate in photochemical reactions) to form ozone in the atmosphere. Different hydrocarbons react at different rates. The more reactive a hydrocarbon, the greater potential it has to form ozone. Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) A broadly defined term referring to technologies and other measures that can be used to control pollution. They include Reasonably Available Control Technology and other measures. In the case of PM10. RACM refers to approaches for controlling small or dispersed source categories such as road dust, woodstoves and open burning. Control techniques defined in U. S. EPA guidelines for limiting emissions from existing sources in nonattainment areas. RACTs are adopted and implemented by states. For more information, visit our RACT website. Reasonably Available Retrofit Control Technology (RARCT) Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which air and fuel are introduced into cylinders, compressed by pistons and ignited by a spark plug or by compression. Combustion in the cylinders pushes the pistons sequentially, transferring energy to the crankshaft, causing it to rotate. Reference Dose (RfD) An estimate delivered by the U. S. EPA (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily exposure to the human population, (including sensitive subpopulations) that is likely to be without deleterious effects during a lifetime. The RfD is reported in units of mg of substancekg body weightday for oral exposures. Reference Exposure Concentration (RfC) An estimate, derived by the U. S. EPA with an uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population, (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime of exposure. The RfC is derived from a no or lowest observed adverse effect level from human or animal exposures, to which uncertainty or safety factors are applied. Reference Exposure Level (REL) A term used in risk assessment. It is the concentration at or below which no adverse health effects are anticipated for a specified exposure period. A facility that produces liquid fuels by distilling petroleum. Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Also called Cleaner Burning Gasoline (CBG). Gasoline with a different composition from conventional gasoline (e. g. lower aromatics content) that results in the production of lower levels of air pollutants. For more information, see our cleaner burning gasoline website. Reformulated Gasoline Predictive Model A set of mathematical equations that predict the emissions likely to occur from the combustion of a given formulation of gasoline. For more information, see our predictive model website area. Reforestation Establishing native tree cover on lands that were previously forested, but that have had less than 10 percent tree canopy cover for a minimum time of 10 years. Regional Haze The haze produced by a multitude of sources and activities which emit fine particles and their precursors across a broad geographic area. National regulations require states to develop plans to reduce the regional haze that impairs visibility in national parks and wilderness areas. Registration Stop (or VLT Stop) A hold placed on a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to prevent registration or title being issued. Registration stops may be placed by DMV, ARB or CHP staff. Stops are placed because of illegal registration attempts, illegal sales, or placed on heavy-duty vehicles that have been retired by their previous owners. Registration stops do not expire however, a vehicle with a stop may be dropped from the DMV computer record after 7-10 years. Refers to the vapor pressure of the fuel expressed in the nearest hundredth of a pound per square inch (psi) with a higher number reflecting more gasoline evaporation. (See also Gasoline Volatility .) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) A federal program to increase the volume of renewable fuels used in transportation fuels. Created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and revised by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the RFS program requires increasing annual volumes of renewable fuel, starting from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Within those total volumes, the RFS also requires certain volumes of specific fuels, such as cellulosic and advanced biofuels. A series of charts, numbered 0 to 5, that simulate various smoke densities by presenting different percentages of black. A Ringelmann No. 1 is equivalent to 20 percent black a Ringelmann No. 5 is 100 percent black. They are used for measuring the opacity or equivalent obscuration of smoke arising from stacks and other sources by matching the actual effluent with the various numbers, or densities, indicated by the charts. Research Screening Committee (RSC) The Boards legislatively mandated committee consists of scientists, engineers and others knowledgeable, technically qualified and experienced in air pollution problems. The committee meets approximately four times a year to review proposed and completed research projects. Residual Risk The quantity of health risk remaining after application of emission control. Risk Assessment An evaluation of risk which estimates the relationship between exposure to a harmful substance and the likelihood that harm will result from that exposure. Risk Management An evaluation of the need for and feasibility of reducing risk. It includes consideration of magnitude of risk, available control technologies and economic feasibility. Actions taken against a state or local government by the federal government for failure to plan or to implement a State Implementation Plan (SIP). Examples include withholding of highway funds and a ban on construction of new sources of potential pollution. SB 25 (Childrens Environmental Health Protection Act) Changes to state law (Senate Bill 25, Escutia, 1999) established requirements for the ARB and the OEHHA to examine the impacts of air pollution on childrens health. Specifically, the act required the state to evaluate all ambient air quality standards to determine whether these standards adequately protect human health, particularly that of infants and children and, to identify toxic air contaminants that disproportionately impact children. Scientific Review Panel (SRP) Mandated by AB 1807. this nine-member panel advises the ARB. OEHHA and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation on the scientific adequacy of the risk assessment portion of reports issued by those three agencies in the process of identifying substances as toxic air contaminants. For more information, visit our SRP website. Scoping Plan AB 32 directed ARB to prepare a scoping plan for achieving the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. The scoping plan provides the outline for actions to reduce greenhouse gases in California. The approved scoping plan indicates how these emission reductions will be achieved from significant greenhouse gas sources via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions. An air pollution control device that uses a high energy liquid spray to remove aerosol and gaseous pollutants from an air stream. The gases are removed either by absorption or chemical reaction. Secondhand Smoke Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). or secondhand smoke, is a complex mixture of thousands of gases and fine particles emitted by the burning of tobacco products from the smoke exhaled by the smoker. Other minor contributors to ETS are from the smoke that is emitted from the smoldering end of the tobacco product and the vapor-phase related compounds that diffuse from the wrapper of the tobacco product. Particles that are formed in the atmosphere. Secondary particles are products of the chemical reactions between gases, such as nitrates, sulfur oxides. ammonia and organic products. Senate Bill 1731 (Calderon, 1993) SB 1731 amended the Air Toxics Hot Spots Information and Assessment Act (AB 2588, Hot Spots or Program 1987, Connelly) by adding two major elements. The first element required the OEHHA to adopt risk assessment guidelines for the program using a full public review process. These new risk assessment guidelines superseded the previous guidelines and include supplemental exposure information. Second, facilities determined to have a significant risk by the district, must conduct an airborne toxic risk reduction audit and develop a plan to implement airborne toxic risk reduction measures. The ARB is required to provide assistance to smaller businesses for developing and applying risk reduction techniques. As part of that assistance, the ARB developed guideline documents on how to conduct an audit, including a self-conducted checklist for certain industries. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System An emission control system that reduces NOx emissions through the catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust to N 2 and H 2 O by injecting nitrogen-containing compounds into the exhaust stream, such as ammonia or urea. Sensitive Groups Identifiable subsets of the general population that are at greater risk than the general population to the toxic effects of a specific air pollutant (e. g. infants, asthmatics, elderly). Sequestration SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) SF6 is a colorless, non-toxic and non-flammable gas under standard conditions. It is used in many applications including as a gaseous dielectric medium in the electrical industry, an inert gas for the casting of magnesium, a tracer gas and an etchant in the semiconductor industry. SF6 is the most potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of carbon dioxide when compared over a 100-year period. Shore power, also known as Cold Ironing. refers to providing electrical power to a vessel that is docked. The purpose of shore power is to allow the vessel operator to turn off the vessels auxiliary engines, which would normally be providing the necessary electricity. Although there are emissions associated with the generation of electricity used for shore power, those emissions are much less than those from the auxiliary engines, which burn diesel fuel. A combination of smoke and other particulates, ozone. hydrocarbons. nitrogen oxides and other chemically reactive compounds which, under certain conditions of weather and sunlight, may result in a murky brown haze that causes adverse health effects. The primary source of smog in California is motor vehicles. Smog Check Program Smog Score A score that ranks each vehicles smog emissions on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the cleanest) relative to all other vehicles. All vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009, must display this score on the Environmental Performance Label. For more information, visit our Drive Clean website. A form of air pollution consisting primarily of particulate matter (i. e. particles released by combustion). Other components of smoke include gaseous air pollutants such as hydrocarbons. oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Sources of smoke may include fossil fuel combustion, agricultural burning and other combustion processes. Solvent Base Hydrocarbon - containing compounds such as paint thinner used for the purpose of thinning various types of coatings such as paint. Very fine carbon particles that have a black appearance when emitted into the air. Any place or object from which air pollutants are released. Sources that are fixed in space are stationary sources and sources that move are mobile sources. Speciation Speciation is the analytical activity of identifying andor measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. Spray Booth A power ventilated structure enclosing a coating operation, to confine and limit the escape of spray, vapor and residue and to safely conduct or direct them to an exhaust system. The spray booth contains and captures particulate emissions and vents them to a control device. Stakeholders Residents, environmentalists, businesses and government representatives that have a stake or concern about how air quality is managed. A plan prepared by states and submitted to U. S. EPA describing how each area will attain and maintain national ambient air quality standards. SIPs include the technical foundation for understanding the air quality (e. g. emission inventories and air quality monitoring), control measures and strategies and enforcement mechanisms. (See also AQMP .) For more information, visit our SIP website. Non-mobile sources such as power plants, refineries and manufacturing facilities which emit air pollutants. Storage Tank Any stationary container, reservoir, or tank, used for storage of liquids. The layer of the Earths atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. It extends between 10 and 30 miles above the Earths surface and contains the ozone layer in its lower portion. The stratospheric layer mixes relatively slowly pollutants that enter it may remain for long periods of time. Suggested Control Measure (SCM) A model rule developed by air quality managers for local air districts to use to control the emissions from certain stationary sources of air pollution. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) A strong smelling, colorless gas that is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels. Power plants, which may use coal or oil high in sulfur content, can be major sources of SO 2 and other sulfur oxides contribute to the problem of acid deposition. SO 2 is a criteria air pollutant. Pungent, colorless gases (sulfates are solids) formed primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. especially coal and oil. Considered major air pollutants, sulfur oxides may impact human health and damage vegetation. Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs super ultra-low emission vehicle standard of 0.03 grams per mile of NMOG NOx. See our Drive Clean website. An intermediate gasoline distribution facility where delivery of gasoline to and from the facility is solely by pipeline. Thermal Spraying A process in which metallic or nonmetallic materials are heated to a molten or nearly molten state and are sprayed onto a surface to form a coating. The material may originate in the form of powder, rod, or wire before it is heated, prior to spraying and deposition. Materials can be heated by combustion of fuel gases (similar to welding) or by using electricity. Thermal spraying includes processes such as flame spraying, plasma spraying, high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying and twin wire electric arc spraying. The outermost layer of the Earths atmosphere extending from about 60 miles to several hundred miles above the planets surface. The temperature of this layer varies from many hundreds to thousands of degrees Celsius. A section of the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act that addresses the control of toxic air emissions. For more information, visit our Title III website. A section of the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act that requires a federally enforceable operating permit for major sources of air pollution. For more information, visit our Title V website. Topography The configuration of a surface, especially the Earths surface, including its relief and the position of its natural and man-made features. Total Organic Gases (TOG) Gaseous organic compounds, including reactive organic gases and the relatively unreactive organic gases such as methane. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Particles of solid or liquid matter -- such as soot, dust, aerosols, fumes and mist -- up to approximately 30 microns in size. An air pollutant, identified in regulation by the ARB, which may cause or contribute to an increase in deaths or in serious illness, or which may pose a present or potential hazard to human health. TACs are considered under a different regulatory process (California Health and Safety Code section 39650 et seq.) than pollutants subject to CAAQSs. Health effects to TACs may occur at extremely low levels and it is typically difficult to identify levels of exposure which do not produce adverse health effects. For more information, visit our toxics website. Toxic Best Available Control Technology (T-BACT) The most effective emission limitation or control technique which has been achieved in practice or found by the ARB Executive Officer or Air Pollution Control Officer of the local districts to be technologically feasible. A location where emissions from specific sources may expose individuals and population groups to elevated risks of adverse health effects -- including but not limited to cancer -- and contribute to the cumulative health risks of emissions from other sources in the area. For more information, visit our toxics hot spots website. Transfer Efficiency For coatings. a measure of the percent of the total amount of coating used which is transferred to a unit surface by a spray gun or other device. Transport Refrigeration Unit (TRU) Refrigeration systems powered by integral internal combustion engines designed to control the environment of temperature-sensitive products that are transported in trucks and refrigerated trailers. TRUs may be capable of both cooling and heating. Transportation Control Measure (TCM) Any control measure to reduce vehicle trips, vehicle use, vehicle miles traveled, vehicle idling, or traffic congestion for the purpose of reducing motor vehicle emissions. TCMs can include encouraging the use of carpools and mass transit. The layer of the Earths atmosphere nearest to the surface of the Earth. The troposphere extends outward about five miles at the poles and about 10 miles at the equator. Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs ultra-low emission standards of 0.125 grams per mile of NMOG NOx. The average 2010 car sold in California is a ULEV. See our Drive Clean website. Underground Storage Tank (UST) Refers to tanks used to store gasoline underground. For more information, vist the underground storage tank website. The federal agency charged with setting policy and guidelines and carrying out legal mandates for the protection of national interests in environmental resources. For more information, visit the U. S. EPA website. Unit Risk Number The number of potential excess cancer cases from a lifetime exposure to one microgram per cubic meter (m3) of a given substance. For example, a unit risk value of 5.5x10-6 would indicate an estimated 5.5 cancer cases per million people exposed to an average concentration of 1 m3 of a specific carcinogen for 70 years. Upstream Emissions Emissions from processes that take place up to when the fuel enters a vehicle---typically during extraction, production, distribution and dispensing of the fuel. Urban Airshed Model A three-dimensional photochemical grid model designed to calculate the concentrations of both inert and chemically reactive pollutants in the atmosphere. It simulates the physical and chemical processes that affect pollution concentrations. Used Vehicle Any vehicle that has been transferred after being issued a title and has over 7,500 miles. (Reference statute: HampS code 43150-43156.) The gaseous phase of liquids or solids at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Vapor Density The vapor density is expressed in grams per liter (gL) and is compared to the density of air (air1). Vapor Pressure The pressure, often expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or pounds per square inch (PSI), that is characteristic at any given temperature of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form. Vapor Recovery Systems Mechanical systems that collect and recover chemical vapors resulting from transfer of gasoline from operations such as tank-to-truck systems at refineries, tanker-to-pipeline systems at offshore oil operations and pump-to-vehicle systems at gasoline stations. For more information, visit our vapor recovery website. Permission granted for a limited time (under stated conditions) for a person or company to operate outside the limits prescribed in a regulation. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) The miles traveled by motor vehicles over a specified length of time (e. g. daily, monthly or yearly) or over a specified road or transportation corridor. Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) A way to reduce emissions of NOx. SOx. diesel PM and CO 2 from oceangoing vessels. Emissions are decreased when vessels slow their speeds, thereby reducing the energy requirements of the main engine. The Ports of Los Angeles (POLA), Long Beach (POLB), and San Diego (POSD) currently have a voluntary VSR program in place which requests that vessels slow to 12 knots from certain distances from port (20 nautical miles (nm) for POSD and 20 or 40 nm for POLA and POLB). Ports typically offer incentives for complying. The degree to which a fluid resists flow under an applied force. A measurement of the ability to see and identify objects at different distances. Visibility reduction from air pollution is often due to the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. as well as particulate matter. Visibility Reducing Particles (VRP) Any particles in the atmosphere that obstruct the range of visibility. Any substance that evaporates readily. Carbon-containing compounds that evaporate into the air (with a few exceptions). VOCs contribute to the formation of smog andor may themselves be toxic. VOCs often have an odor and some examples include gasoline, alcohol and the solvents used in paints. Water Base Water used as the solvent for coatings such paint. Water Solubility The solubility of a substance in water provides information on the fate and transport in the environment. The higher the water solubility, the greater the tendency to remain dissolved and the less likely to volatilize from the water. Low water soluble substances will volatilize more readily in water and will partition to soil or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Weight of Evidence The extent to which the available information supports the hypothesis that a substance causes an effect in humans. For example, factors which determine the weight-of-evidence that a chemical poses a hazard to humans include the number of tissue sites affected by the agent the number of animal species, strains, sexes, relationship, statistical significance in the occurrence of the adverse effect in treated subjects compared to untreated controls and, the timing of the occurrence of adverse effect. Welfare-Based Standard (Secondary Standard) An air quality standard that prevents, reduces, or minimizes injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property and hazards to air and ground transportation. Well to Tank Emissions associated with a fuel from extraction to the tank it sits in prior to entering a vehicle. Well to Wheels Emissions associated with a fuel from extraction to when it enters and is used by a vehicle. Woodburning Pollution Air pollution caused by woodburning stoves and fireplaces that emit particulate matter. carbon monoxide and odorous and toxic substances. For more information, visit our disposal of non-industrial wood waste website. Vehicles which produce no emissions from the on-board source of power (e. g. an electric vehicle). For more information, visit our zero emission vehicles program website or our Drive Clean website. This gloss has been reviewed by the staff of the California Air Resources Board and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the ARB. Although the ARB has taken many steps to ensure that the information in this gloss is correct and up-to-date, readers should note that the codes are frequently amended, and the courts from time to time interpret their provisions. When necessary, readers should consult the official codes and handbooks or procure the services of an attorney. Copies of the California Codes can be found in each countys library and in law school libraries.
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